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Chitosan-xanthan gum-based hydrogels loaded with essential oil distillation by-products of Aloysia citrodora Paláu for antimicrobial systems

2026Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Química
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Biotecnologia Industrial
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorAlmeida, Heloísa H.S.
dc.contributor.authorSantamaria-Echart, Arantzazu
dc.contributor.authorAmaral, Joana S.
dc.contributor.authorAquino, Leandro Lima
dc.contributor.authorRodrigues, Alírio E.
dc.contributor.authorBarreiro, Filomena
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-18T10:40:12Z
dc.date.available2026-02-18T10:40:12Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstractHydrogels, 3D hydrophilic networks formed by oppositely charged biopolymers like chitosan and xanthan gum, offer a safe, non-toxic, and biocompatible option for delivery applications. Essential oil (EO) by-products, such as hydrosols and wastewater, are sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, but their high dilution can limit direct applications. In this context, this work focused on the development of hydrogels via electrostatic complexation incorporating hydrosol and wastewater by-products from the steam distillation of Aloysia citrodora Palau, using a two-stage approach: (a) initial loading during hydrogel formation and (b) subsequent reloading of the hydrogels to further enhance the concentration of bioactive compounds. The effect of pH (4, 7, and 11) on polymer complexation was evaluated, as it influences polymer-polymer and polymer-bioactive compound interactions by modifying the protonation and deprotonation states of their functional groups. This effect was evident in swelling, release kinetics, morphology, and rheological properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful formation of the polymer complex. Neutral pH hydrogels showed the highest hydrosol entrapment (70.3%) and were selected as the most promising systems. Biological characterisation showed that the reloading process enhanced bioactivity. Wastewater-load-reload improved antioxidant capacity, driven by the high phenolic content. Moreover, hydrosol-loaded-reload systems exhibited antimicrobial activity, with bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, outperforming both unloaded and loaded systems. These findings highlight the potential of loading and reloading steps to valorise EO by-products, producing sustainable, functional hydrogels with high bioactivity, suitable for food, pharmaceutical, medical, and biotechnological applications.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipFinancial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO, UID/00690/2025 (DOI: 10.54499/UID/00690/2025) and UID/PRR/00690/2025 (DOI: 10.54499/UID/PRR/00690/2025); SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020); LSRE-LCM, UID/50020/2025 (DOI: 10.54499/UID/50020/2025); and ALiCE, LA/P/0045/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0045/2020). National funding by FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology, through the institutional program contract for scientific employment of A. Santamaria-Echart, and the PhD grant of Heloísa Helena Scorsato de Almeida (DOI: 10.54499/SFRH/BD/148124/2019). Deifil Technology Lda (www.deifil.pt) for supplying the studied plants.
dc.identifier.citationAlmeida, Heloísa H. S.; Santamaria-Echart, Arantzazu; Amaral, Joana S.; Aquino, Leandro L.; Rodrigues, Alírio E.; Barreira, Maria-Filomena (2026). Chitosan-xanthan gum-based hydrogels loaded with essential oil distillation by-products of Aloysia citrodora Palau for antimicrobial systems. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. ISSN 0141-8130. 342, p. 1-19
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150368
dc.identifier.issn0141-8130
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/35770
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationMountain Research Center
dc.relationAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions
dc.relationLaboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials
dc.relationALICE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Biological Macromolecules
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectChitosan
dc.subjectXanthan gum
dc.subjectHydrogel
dc.subjectEssential oil by-products
dc.subjectWaste valorisation
dc.subjectHydrosols
dc.subjectAntimicrobial activity
dc.titleChitosan-xanthan gum-based hydrogels loaded with essential oil distillation by-products of Aloysia citrodora Paláu for antimicrobial systemseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleMountain Research Center
oaire.awardTitleAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions
oaire.awardTitleLaboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials
oaire.awardTitleALICE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering
oaire.awardURIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/35759
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0007%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F50020%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0045%2F2020/PT
oaire.citation.endPage19
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleInternational Journal of Biological Macromolecules
oaire.citation.volume342
oaire.fundingStreamCIMO
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameAlmeida
person.familyNameSantamaria-Echart
person.familyNameAmaral
person.familyNameAquino
person.familyNameBarreiro
person.givenNameHeloísa H.S.
person.givenNameArantzazu
person.givenNameJoana S.
person.givenNameLeandro Lima
person.givenNameFilomena
person.identifier.ciencia-id8012-E230-D0DE
person.identifier.ciencia-id0C17-1E1F-2621
person.identifier.ciencia-id5319-7DE8-BEDA
person.identifier.ciencia-id1F12-5225-46C5
person.identifier.ciencia-id3418-47D5-5746
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0807-3522
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0107-7301
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-3648-7303
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-4218-9425
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6844-333X
person.identifier.ridL-9802-2014
person.identifier.scopus-author-id56725697700
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57188719717
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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