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PM10-bound elements in Luanda's urban atmosphere: Concentrations, sources, and their environmental and health impacts

2025Journal article Embargoed access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Ciências da Terra e do Ambiente
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg11:Cidades e Comunidades Sustentáveis
datacite.subject.sdg13:Ação Climática
datacite.subject.sdg15:Proteger a Vida Terrestre
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Célia A.
dc.contributor.authorCampa, Ana Sanchez de la
dc.contributor.authorCipoli, Yago
dc.contributor.authorFurst, Leonardo
dc.contributor.authorHigawa, Gustavo
dc.contributor.authorLeitão, Anabela
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Alan Victor da
dc.contributor.authorFeliciano, Manuel
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-14T10:31:53Z
dc.date.available2025-05-14T10:31:53Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractAn unprecedented study was carried out in the megacity of Luanda, Angola, involving daily sampling of particulate matter (PM10) from June to November 2023. The analysis was focused on the detection of 56 metal(loid)s and complemented by the application of several contamination and health risk indices. PM10 levels ranged from 23.6 to 108 μg/m3, averaging 59.3 μg/m3, exceeding WHO’s 24-h guideline on 83% of days. In addition to crustal elements, the most abundant constituents were Zn (159 ng/m3), Ba (43.2 ng/m3), Pb (17.8 ng/m3), Cu (10.5 ng/m3), Sr (7.0 ng/m3), Ni (4.5 ng/m3), Sb (3.7 ng/m3) and Cr (3.5 ng/m3). Mineral dust, primarily from unpaved roads and local soils, accounted for 31 wt% of PM10, while sea salt contributed 6%. Geochemical markers (e.g., Ce-La-V relationships) suggest that vanadium originates predominantly from upper crust weathering. Elemental ratios such as Fe/Cu, Cu/Sb, and Zn/Sb indicate significant contributions from traffic-related emissions (e.g., brake and tyre wear) and industrial sources. Sulphur, an important PM10 component, likely stems from fossil fuel combustion and petroleum refining. Luanda experiences severe air pollution, with high inputs from Sb, Cd, Zn, and other elements linked to traffic, industrial emissions, and biomass burning. The extremely high ecological risk (RI = 4360 ± 2440) highlights critical contamination, driven primarily by Cd and Sb, while the Nemerow risk index (1990 ± 1530) underscores urgent public health concerns. Non-cancer hazard indices (HI) exceeded safe thresholds for children (2.29) and adults (2.18), with Fe, Mn, Be, Pb, Ni, Co, and Sb identified as key contributors. Carcinogenic risks from PM10 inhalation (2.34 × 10 3 for children and 1.36 ×10 3 for adults) also exceeded acceptable levels, emphasising the need for targeted pollution mitigation strategies.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThe Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) is acknowledged for the PhD fellowships to L. Furst (SRFH/BD/08461/2020) and Y. Cipoli (SFRH/BD/04992/2021). The financial support to CESAM by FCT/MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds, is also acknowledged. This work was developed within the project “Air Pollution in an African Megacity: Source Apportionment and Health Implications – APAM” (DOI: 10.54499/2022.04240.PTDC), financially supported by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES.
dc.identifier.citationAlves, Célia A.; Campa, Ana Sanchez de la; Cipoli, Yago; Furst, Leonardo; Higawa, Gustavo; Leitão, Anabela; Silva, Alan Victor da; Feliciano, Manuel (2025). PM10-bound elements in Luanda's urban atmosphere: Concentrations, sources, and their environmental and health impacts. Environmental Pollution. ISSN 0269-7491. 372, p. 1-12
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125995
dc.identifier.issn0269-7491
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/34471
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Pollution
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectLuanda
dc.subjectPM10
dc.subjectElements
dc.subjectContamination indices
dc.subjectHealth risks
dc.titlePM10-bound elements in Luanda's urban atmosphere: Concentrations, sources, and their environmental and health impacts
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F50017%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F50017%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0094%2F2020/PT
oaire.citation.endPage12
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleEnvironmental Pollution
oaire.citation.volume372
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameFeliciano
person.givenNameManuel
person.identifier.ciencia-id2D11-7230-702B
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-3147-4511
person.identifier.scopus-author-id6603358480
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryccb9c69d-2820-493b-ab44-77b0538814fa
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relation.isProjectOfPublication38b82779-9060-417b-85cc-9780fc94d1ff
relation.isProjectOfPublication077ec6ad-5789-4bb9-8ebb-564a55c71ead
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