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Sustainable green synthesis of metallic nanoparticle using plants and microorganisms: A review of biosynthesis methods, mechanisms, toxicity, and applications

2025Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Química
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia dos Materiais
datacite.subject.sdg09:Indústria, Inovação e Infraestruturas
datacite.subject.sdg09:Indústria, Inovação e Infraestruturas
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
dc.contributor.authorCardoso, Beatriz
dc.contributor.authorNobrega, Cardoso
dc.contributor.authorAfonso, Inês S.
dc.contributor.authorRibeiro, J.E.
dc.contributor.authorLima, Rui A.
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-30T10:09:52Z
dc.date.available2026-03-30T10:09:52Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractGreen synthesis provides a sustainable approach to producing metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) using biological entities such as plants, algae, bacteria, yeast, and fungi. While extensive research has explored these biosynthetic processes, an integrated review is needed to systematically consolidate knowledge on biosynthesis mechanisms, key synthesis parameters, and the comparative advantages and limitations of green versus chemical synthesis methods. This review addresses these gaps by examining the roles of biological entities and their metabolites in reducing and stabilizing MNPs. Plants use polyphenols and sugars to reduce metal ions, while algae utilize compounds such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. Bacteria produce enzymes like nitrate reductase to reduce metal ions inside and outside the cell. Yeast, for instance, employs nitrate reductase for extracellular synthesis and metallothioneins for intracellular synthesis while fungi use enzymes like laccase and reductase to reduce metal ions and stabilize MNPs. It also examines how reaction factors—such as solvent type, pH, precursor concentration, and temperature—affect size, shape, and stability. The comparative analysis highlights the structural, functional, and environmental differences between green and chemical synthesis, emphasizing that green-synthesized MNPs exhibit improved biocompatibility and biological activity. While green synthesis avoids toxic chemicals and harsh conditions, reducing environmental impact, it may result in broader size distributions and less precise shape control compared to chemical methods. This review also addresses current limitations, including batch variability, differences in biological extracts, and challenges in maintaining consistent MNP properties. It emphasizes the need for advanced characterization techniques for reproducibility and quality control, proposing solutions such as bioprocess engineering, real-time monitoring, and lifecycle assessments to improve industrial scalability. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and industries seeking to use green synthesis for sustainable, large-scale applications in medical, environmental, and biotechnological fields, supporting global sustainability goals and green chemistry principles.por
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors acknowledge the partial financial support of the projects, PTDC/EEI-EEE/2846/2021 (https://doi.org/10.54499/PTDC/EEI-EEE/2846/2021) and 2022.06207.PTDC (https://doi.org/10.54499/2022.06207.PTDC) through national funds (OE), within the scope of the Scientific Research and Technological Development Projects (IC&DT) program in all scientific domains (PTDC), through the Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P. (FCT, I.P). The authors also acknowledge the partial financial support within the Research and Development Units Project Scope: UIDB/04077/2020 (Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs)), UIDB/00532/2020 and LA/P/0045/2020 (ALiCE) and the partial financial support of the projects provided by Portugal’s national funding FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO) (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020). Glauco Nobrega was supported by the doctoral grant PRT/BD/153088/2021, financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), and with funds from MCTES/República Portuguesa, under the MIT Portugal Program. Inês S. Afonso acknowledges the financial support of MEtRICs through 2022.03151.PTDC. Inês S. Afonso was supported by the doctoral grant 2024.05919.BDANA, financed by FCT.
dc.identifier.citationCardoso, Beatriz; Nobrega, Cardoso; Afonso, Inês S.; Ribeiro, J.E.; Lima, Rui A. (2025). Sustainable green synthesis of metallic nanoparticle using plants and microorganisms: A review of biosynthesis methods, mechanisms, toxicity, and applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. ISSN 2213-2929. 13:3, p. 1-43
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jece.2025.116921
dc.identifier.eissn2213-3437
dc.identifier.issn2213-2929
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/36377
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationMultiplexed micro(bio)sensors array integrated into an organ-on-a-chip device for assessing cancer NANOtherapy
dc.relationMechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center
dc.relationTransport Phenomena Research Center
dc.relationMountain Research Center - UIDB/00690/2020
dc.relationMountain Research Center - UIDP/00690/2020
dc.relationAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions - LA/P/0007/2020
dc.relationSeaweed nanofluids for cooling photovoltaic solar panels used in space missions (PRT/BD/153088/2021)
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectGreen-synthesis
dc.subjectMetallic nanoparticles
dc.subjectGreen chemistry
dc.subjectBiosynthesis
dc.subjectBioreduction
dc.titleSustainable green synthesis of metallic nanoparticle using plants and microorganisms: A review of biosynthesis methods, mechanisms, toxicity, and applicationseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumberPTDC/EEI-EEE/2846/2021
oaire.awardNumberUIDB/04077/2020
oaire.awardNumberUIDB/00532/2020
oaire.awardNumberUIDB/00690/2020
oaire.awardNumberUIDP/00690/2020
oaire.awardNumberLA/P/0007/2020
oaire.awardNumberPRT/BD/153088/2021
oaire.awardTitleMultiplexed micro(bio)sensors array integrated into an organ-on-a-chip device for assessing cancer NANOtherapy
oaire.awardTitleMechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center
oaire.awardTitleTransport Phenomena Research Center
oaire.awardTitleMountain Research Center - UIDB/00690/2020
oaire.awardTitleMountain Research Center - UIDP/00690/2020
oaire.awardTitleAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions - LA/P/0007/2020
oaire.awardTitleSeaweed nanofluids for cooling photovoltaic solar panels used in space missions (PRT/BD/153088/2021)
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/3599-PPCDT/PTDC%2FEEI-EEE%2F2846%2F2021/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F04077%2F2020/PT
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oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F00690%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F00690%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0007%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/OE/PRT%2FBD%2F153088%2F2021/PT
oaire.citation.endPage43
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
oaire.citation.volume13
oaire.fundingStream3599-PPCDT
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
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oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStreamOE
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameRibeiro
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person.givenNameJ.E.
person.givenNameRui A.
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