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Permeable Reactive Barriers in Groundwater Remediation: A Review of Efficiency in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Heavy Metals

2026Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Ciências da Terra e do Ambiente
datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Ciências Químicas
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Química
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia dos Materiais
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Eletrotécnica, Eletrónica e Informática
datacite.subject.sdg06:Água Potável e Saneamento
datacite.subject.sdg09:Indústria, Inovação e Infraestruturas
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
dc.contributor.authorKalmakhanova, Marzhan S.
dc.contributor.authorReimbayev, Yerbol K.
dc.contributor.authorKarimbayeva, Zhanbike E.
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Ana P. F.
dc.contributor.authorGomes, Helder T.
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-16T11:02:47Z
dc.date.available2026-06-16T11:02:47Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstractGlobal water pollution driven by industrial and agricultural expansion has resulted in the widespread occurrence of persistent contaminants, particularly pharmaceuticals and heavy metals, in groundwater systems. Conventional treatment methods often prove inefficient, costly, and environmentally unsustainable, highlighting the need for innovative in situ remediation technologies. Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) have emerged as a promising and energy-efficient solution for the long-term purification of contaminated aquifers. Their efficiency arises from passive operation, relying on natural groundwater flow to promote pollutant removal through adsorption, ion exchange, precipitation, and redox-driven transformations. This review emphasizes the superior performance of materials such as Activated Carbon, Biochar, Zeolites, and Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) in the immobilization and reduction in pharmaceuticals and metal ions. Key challenges to PRB longevity include permeability loss and reactive media depletion due to mineral precipitation and biofouling. Advances in hybrid PRB configurations, coupled with electrokinetic (EK) and bioreactor systems, and predictive modeling, particularly Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), offer pathways to enhance performance, optimize design, and ensure sustainable operation. Overall, PRBs represent a scalable and environmentally sound approach to groundwater remediation, with future progress relying on the development of multifunctional, regenerable materials and integrated design strategies.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThe Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP26195231) fund this research.
dc.identifier.citationKalmakhanova, Marzhan S.; Reimbayev, Yerbol K.; Karimbayeva, Zhanbike E.; Ferreira, Ana Paula; Gomes, Helder T. (2026). Permeable Reactive Barriers in Groundwater Remediation: A Review of Efficiency in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Heavy Metals. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 18:9, p. 1-36
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/su18094508
dc.identifier.issn2071-1050
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/36890
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.ispartofSustainability
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectPermeable reactive barriers
dc.subjectGroundwater remediation
dc.subjectHeavy metals
dc.subjectPharmaceuticals
dc.subjectAdsorption
dc.subjectZero-valent iron (ZVI)
dc.subjectBiochar
dc.subjectZeolites
dc.titlePermeable Reactive Barriers in Groundwater Remediation: A Review of Efficiency in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Heavy Metalseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage36
oaire.citation.issue9
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleSustainability
oaire.citation.volume18
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameSilva
person.familyNameGomes
person.givenNameAna P. F.
person.givenNameHelder T.
person.identifierhttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ana-Ferreira-Da-Silva-3
person.identifier.ciencia-id991F-2DB8-3246
person.identifier.ciencia-id6218-1E19-13EE
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-8979-8407
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6898-2408
relation.isAuthorOfPublication729b6629-41f1-4699-9630-9a32f38df4e5
relation.isAuthorOfPublication0eb96337-224a-4339-9918-334436fbbb99
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery729b6629-41f1-4699-9630-9a32f38df4e5

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