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- Componente volátil de lúpulo: uma análise comparativa entre clones espontâneos e variedadesPublication . Goes, Hugo; Pedro, Luís G.; Sousa, Maria JoãoO Humulus lupulus L. é uma espécie pertencente à família Cannabaceae. O lúpulo, como é vulgarmente conhecido, é uma planta herbácea perene, dióica e normalmente diplóide (2n=20) [1]. É na produção de cerveja que o lúpulo apresenta o seu maior valor económico a nível internacional. Foi na Flandres que começou verdadeiramente a produção de cerveja, uma vez que desde o início da sua fabricação na Mesopotâmia, até então, a cerveja era uma bebida adocicada, baseada na fermentação de malte, com o nome de Ale sendo a sua conservação um dos maiores problemas. A utilização de lúpulo veio resolver esse problema, visto que produz compostos com acção bactericida, em particular contra bactérias Gram-negativas [2]. A sua produção estendeu-se por toda a Europa e, daí, ao resto do mundo. Actualmente a procura de novos aromas tem vindo a aumentar, impulsionada pela recente expansão da produção artesanal de cerveja em Portugal. Uma vez que existe lúpulo espontâneo em grande parte do país, a recolha e análise dos aromas desses lúpulos poderá levar-nos ao desenvolvimento de novos e mais aromas. As componentes voláteis extraídas de lúpulos espontâneos recolhidos na zona de Bragança, foram analisadas e comparadas com as de variedades comerciais. Material e métodos: O material vegetal foi colhido em diferentes zonas do distrito de Bragança, junto a cursos de água. Os cones femininos foram recolhidos e os voláteis foram extraídos num sistema Likens-Nickerson e posteriormente analisados por CG e CG-EM. Resultados e conclusão: Os resultados obtidos evidenciam uma certa semelhança na componente monoterpénica, com o β-mirceno como composto maioritário (75 e 64%, respectivamente na amostra do cultivar e na amostra do espontâneo) e diferenças notórias na componente sesquiterpénica, bem evidente nos casos do α-humulene (12% no cultivar, 0,2% no espontâneo) e do trans-β-farnesene (não detectado no cultivar, 9% no espontâneo). É também merecedor de realce a maior riqueza da componente sesquiterpénica do clone espontâneo, em particular nos compostos oxigenados
- Humulus lupulus L. analysis and comparison of volatile of spontaneous and commercial varieties: phytotherapeutic potentialitiesPublication . Goes, Hugo; Sousa, Maria João; Pedro, Luís G.Humulus lupulus L. is a species in the Cannabaceae family. Hop, as it is commonly known, is a perennial, dioecious and normally diploid (2n = 20) herbaceous plant [1]. It is in beer production that hops have their greatest economic value at the international level. Due to the production of compounds with bactericidal action, in particular against Gramnegative bacteria, the hops came to solve problems related to the conservation of beer [2]. In addition Hops contain compounds that confer sedative, diuretic and antiarthritic properties [3]. In the ethnobotanical use, the dried flowers were used in pillows called "hop pads", to combat insomnia [4]. The use of dried and green hop inflorescences for diuretic uses and disorders of the digestive tract, were verified in the Montesinho park area [5]. In China, alcoholic extracts of hops were used to treat leprosy, tuberculosis and dysentery [2]. Its use in infusions as a tonic, since the middle Ages where it considered a medicinal herb [6]. The results obtained show a certain similarity in the monoterpene component, with β-myrcene as the major compound (more than 64% in cultivar and spontaneous samples) and notorious differences in the sesquiterpene component, evident in cases of α-humulene (12% in cultivars, 0.2% and in spontaneous) and trans-β-farnesene (not detected in cultivars, 9% in spontaneous). Also important is the richness of the sesquiterpene component in spontaneous clone, in particular in the oxygenated compounds. This profile, of both cultivar and spontaneous, shows potential for antiseptic effects in the digestive tract, especially when these are associated with bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori [7], which will be in agreement with ethnobotanical uses of Hop. Since there is spontaneous hops in a large part of Portugal, the collection and analysis of the aromas of these hops may lead to the development of new and more fragrances, with interest in different areas, like beer production or cosmetics. The volatile components extracted from spontaneous hops collected in the Bragança area were analyzed and compared with those of commercial varieties.
- Development of a cosmetic anti-aging gel formulation with extracts of spontaneous plants and cultivars of Humulus lupulus L.Publication . Santos, Briolanja; Pereira, Olívia R.; Afonso, Andrea Luísa Fernandes; Pedro, Luís G.; Cardoso, Susana M.; Sousa, Maria JoãoHop (Humulus lupulus L.) is known worldwide as an essential flavor in the beer industry. Its major compounds have been demonstrated to be associated to health benefits, due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities [1]. This study intended to develop and to evaluate the stability of an anti-aging cosmetic gel by incorporation of different percentages of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from cones (flowers) and vegetative parts (leaves) of hop spontaneous and of the Cascade and Polaris cultivars and essential oil of Thymus zygis. In addition, the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activities determination of hop extracts and of essential oil of thymus were performed. A methylcellulose gel formulation was used as base to develop the hop cosmetic product. Subsequently, several parameters were evaluated to address its physical-chemical stability. In addition to that, the phenolic profile of hop extracts was determined by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS2 [2] while the composition of thyme essential oil was done by GC and GC-MS. The ability to inhibit the microbial growth was performed by microdilution broth method and the diffusion in agar test. Contrary to hop extracts, thyme oil has shown to exert antibacterial and antifungal activities and thus, it was added to the formulation as preservative. Carvacrol, terpinen-4-ol and p-cimene, determined as major compounds in this oil, could be important contributors for these activities. The extracts obtained from hop cones were rich in phenolic compounds such as cohumulone, humulone and xanthohumol, which have been claimed as possessing anti-wrinkle effect [3]. Concerning stability of the formulations, no phase separation was observed in the centrifugation, mechanical vibration tests or the color tests. However, changes were observed in the UV-Visible spectra between 300nm to 350nm wavelengths, probably by presence of the phenolic compounds such as example xanthohumol, cohumulona, humulona and lupulona [3]. In texture by back extrusion, only the formulation with the extracts of the Polaris variety has high consistency and low viscosity. In the light test there was phase separation in the samples due to the occurrence of dehydration, to minimize this effect, it must be properly in a non-transparent packaging to protect from light. Overall, the incorporation of hydroalcoholic extracts of hop and essential oil of thyme in methylcellulose gel formulations, especially with Polaris variety with 2.5% hydroalcoholic extract of hop cones, allow to obtained a stable cosmetic with potential as anti-aging take into account the chemical composition.
- Development of a cosmetic anti-aging gel formulation with extracts of spontaneous plants and cultivars of Humulus lupulus L.Publication . Santos, Briolanja; Pereira, Olívia R.; Afonso, Andrea Luísa Fernandes; Pedro, Luís G.; Cardoso, Susana M.; Sousa, Maria JoãoHop (Humulus lupulus L.) is known worldwide as an essential flavor in the beer industry. Its major compounds have been demonstrated to be associated to health benefits, due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities [1]. This study intended to develop and to evaluate the stability of an anti-aging cosmetic gel by incorporation of different percentages of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from cones (flowers) and vegetative parts (leaves) of hop spontaneous and of the Cascade and Polaris cultivars and essential oil of Thymus zygis. In addition, the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activities determination of hop extracts and of essential oil of thymus were performed. A methylcellulose gel formulation was used as base to develop the hop cosmetic product. Subsequently, several parameters were evaluated to address its physical-chemical stability. In addition to that, the phenolic profile of hop extracts was determined by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS2 [2] while the composition of thyme essential oil was done by GC and GC-MS. The ability to inhibit the microbial growth was performed by microdilution broth method and the diffusion in agar test. Contrary to hop extracts, thyme oil has shown to exert antibacterial and antifungal activities and thus, it was added to the formulation as preservative. Carvacrol, terpinen-4-ol and p-cimene, determined as major compounds in this oil, could be important contributors for these activities. The extracts obtained from hop cones were rich in phenolic compounds such as cohumulone, humulone and xanthohumol, which have been claimed as possessing anti-wrinkle effect [3]. Concerning stability of the formulations, no phase separation was observed in the centrifugation, mechanical vibration tests or the color tests. However, changes were observed in the UV-Visible spectra between 300nm to 350nm wavelengths, probably by presence of the phenolic compounds such as example xanthohumol, cohumulona, humulona and lupulona [3]. In texture by back extrusion, only the formulation with the extracts of the Polaris variety has high consistency and low viscosity. In the light test there was phase separation in the samples due to the occurrence of dehydration, to minimize this effect, it must be properly in a non-transparent packaging to protect from light. Overall, the incorporation of hydroalcoholic extracts of hop and essential oil of thyme in methylcellulose gel formulations, especially with Polaris variety with 2.5% hydroalcoholic extract of hop cones, allow to obtained a stable cosmetic with potential as anti-aging take into account the chemical composition.
- Humulus lupulus L. analysis and comparison of volatile of spontaneous and commercial varieties: phytotherapeutic potentialitiesPublication . Goes, Hugo; Sousa, Maria João; Pedro, Luís G.Humulus lupulus L. is a species in the Cannabaceae family. Hop, as it is commonly known, is a perennial, dioecious and normally diploid (2n = 20) herbaceous plant [1]. It is in beer production that hops have their greatest economic value at the international level. Due to the production of compounds with bactericidal action, in particular against Gramnegative bacteria, the hops came to solve problems related to the conservation of beer [2]. In addition Hops contain compounds that confer sedative, diuretic and antiarthritic properties [3]. In the ethnobotanical use, the dried flowers were used in pillows called "hop pads", to combat insomnia [4]. The use of dried and green hop inflorescences for diuretic uses and disorders of the digestive tract, were verified in the Montesinho park area [5]. In China, alcoholic extracts of hops were used to treat leprosy, tuberculosis and dysentery [2]. Its use in infusions as a tonic, since the middle Ages where it considered a medicinal herb [6]. The results obtained show a certain similarity in the monoterpene component, with β-myrcene as the major compound (more than 64% in cultivar and spontaneous samples) and notorious differences in the sesquiterpene component, evident in cases of α-humulene (12% in cultivars, 0.2% and in spontaneous) and trans-β-farnesene (not detected in cultivars, 9% in spontaneous). Also important is the richness of the sesquiterpene component in spontaneous clone, in particular in the oxygenated compounds. This profile, of both cultivar and spontaneous, shows potential for antiseptic effects in the digestive tract, especially when these are associated with bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori [7], which will be in agreement with ethnobotanical uses of Hop. Since there is spontaneous hops in a large part of Portugal, the collection and analysis of the aromas of these hops may lead to the development of new and more fragrances, with interest in different areas, like beer production or cosmetics. The volatile components extracted from spontaneous hops collected in the Bragança area were analyzed and compared with those of commercial varieties.