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- Effects of musical cadence in the acute physiologic adaptations to head-out aquatic exercisesPublication . Barbosa, Tiago M.; Sousa, Vítor F.; Silva, A.J.; Reis, Victor M.; Marinho, D.A.; Bragada, José A.The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between musical cadence and the physiologic adaptations to basic head-out aquatic exercises. Fifteen young and clinically healthy women performed, immersed to the breast, a cardiovascular aquatic exercise called the ‘‘rocking horse.’’ The study design included an intermittent and progressive protocol starting at a 90 b min21 rhythm and increasing every 6 minutes, by 15 b min21, up to 195 b min21 or exhaustion. The rating of perceived effort (RPE) at the maximal heart rate achieved during each bout (HRmax), the percentage of the maximal theoretical heart rate estimated (%HRmax), and the blood lactate concentration ([La-]) were evaluated. The musical cadence was also calculated at 4 mmol L21 of blood lactate (R4), the RPE at R4 (RPE@R4), the HR at R4 (HR@R4), and the %HRmax at R4 (%HRmax@R4). Strong relationships were verified between the musical cadence and the RPE (R2 = 0.85; p , 0.01), the HRmax (R2 = 0.66; p , 0.01), the %HRmax (R2 = 0.61; p , 0.01), and the [La-] (R2 = 0.54; p , 0.01). The R4 was 148.13 6 17.53 b min21, the RPE@R4 was 14.53 6 2.53, the HR@R4 was 169.33 6 12.06 b min21, and the %HRmax@R4 was 85.53 6 5.72%. The main conclusion is that increasing musical cadence created an increase in the physiologic response. Therefore, instructors must choose musical cadences according to the goals of the session they are conducting to achieve the desired intensity.
- The aging influence on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and energy expenditure adaptations in head-out aquatic exercises: differences between young and elderly womenPublication . Bartolomeu, Raúl Filipe; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Morais, J.E.; Lopes, Vitor P.; Bragada, José A.; Costa, M.J.The purpose of this study was to (1) to establish the relationship between acute physiological responses and musical cadence; and (2) compare physiologic responses between young and older women. Eighteen older (mean = 65.06 ± 5.77 years) and 19 young (mean = 22.16 ± 2.63 years) women underwent an intermittent and progressive protocol performing the head-out aquatic exercise "rocking horse. Results showed that older women demonstrated lower mean heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (bLa) and oxygen uptake (VO2) at rest. Hierarchical linear modelling showed that variations in the rating of perceived effort (RPE) and individual metabolic equivalent of task (MET) did not differ significantly by age group. However, during exercise, physiological responses of younger women were significantly different than for older women: in mean values, for each increased musical beat per minute (b/min), mean bLa was 0.003 mmol/l, VO2 0.024 ml/kg/min, and energy expenditure (EE) 0.0001 kcal/kg/min higher for younger women. This study shows that increases in musical cadence increased the cardiorespiratory, metabolic and energy expenditure responses. However, these responses during increasing intensity seemed to differ between young and older women, with lower values for the elderly group, when performing head-out aquatic exercises.
- Physiological adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises with different levels of body immersionPublication . Barbosa, Tiago M.; Garrido, Maria F.; Bragada, JoséThe purpose of this study was to compare the physiological adaptations to basic head-out aquatic exercises with different levels of body immersion. Sixteen young and clinically healthy subjects (9 women and 7 men) volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject performed 3 repetitions (on land, immersed to the hip, and immersed to the breast) of the aquatic exercise ‘‘rocking horse’’ for 6 minutes. The rating of perceived effort (RPE), the maximal heart rate achieved during the exercitation (HRmax), the percentage of the maximal theoretical heart rate estimated (%HRmax), the peak of oxygen uptake during the exercise (V˙ O2peak), and the energy expenditure (EE) were evaluated. The RPE was significantly higher when exercising immersed to the hip than on land ( p 0.01) and immersed to the breast ( p 0.03). The HRmax and %HRmax were significantly lower when exercising with immersion to the breast than on land ( p 0.01) and with immersion to the hip ( p 0.01). The V˙ O2peak was significantly different between all conditions. The lower mean value was verified when exercising immersed to the breast, followed by immersion to the hip and on land. The EE was significantly higher when performing aquatic exercises on land than when immersed to the hip ( p 0.02) and the breast ( p 0.01). So, physiological responses when exercising immersed to the hip are higher than when immersed to the breast. The physiological responses when exercising on land are higher than when exercising with immersion to the hip and to the breast.