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- Advice on how to start beekeeping, memories with bees and the uses of honey: results of an online questionnaire with European beekeepersPublication . Perichon, Samuel; Adamchuk, Leonora; Biber, Lejla; Božič, Janko; Chlebo, Róbert; Filipi, Janja; Leidenberger, Sonja; Mavrofridis, Georgios; Özgör, Erkay; Pocol, Cristina Bianca; Porporato, Marco; Rodríguez-Flores, María Shantal; Vilas-Boas, Miguel; Zacepins, AleksejsBeekeeping is a demanding activity that requires both particular human qualities from those who practise it and an environment that is favourable to bees. This is why the interviewed beekeepers advise to take time to think before starting to keep the bees, to find a mentor, and to always have the desire to get to know the bees even if this is not enough for success. In Northern and Western Europe, beekeepers consider patience and calmness as essential qualities to be a “good beekeeper”, while in Southern Europe, passion for bees is the main driver of success. The reasons for abandonment or failure also include human and environmental factors. To better understand the relationship between beekeepers and their bees, interviewees were encouraged to share their best memories. With years of experience, contemplative memories fade into memorable situations in which bee practices are described, and then in turn, they fade into moments of sociability. Honey harvesting plays an important role. Productive considerations are more expressed in Southern Europe, where it is an exceptional harvest that marks on people’s minds, more than the first honey harvest. The strong connection to their bees and the territory they live in is also expressed in the choice of their favourite honey. Many beekeepers mentioned the local honey production, which they are proud to produce with their own bees, even though they sometimes became criticized for a too high price for this local product. © 2024 International Bee Research Association.
- Application of encapsulated tomato by-product extract as a colorant in mascarponePublication . Molina, Adriana K.; Leichtweis, Maria Gabriela; Machado, Manuela; Silva, Sara; Pintado, Manuela; Barreira, João C.M.; Dias, Maria Inês; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Barros, Lillian; Pereira, CarlaAgricultural by-products, often underutilized, represent a significant opportunity to obtain sustainable value-added products to develop new functional foods. In this context, the (typically discarded) aerial parts of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme), were studied as new sources of natural bioactive compounds, focusing the extraction and encapsulation (using spray drying with maltodextrin as the encapsulant) of chlorophylls. The encapsulated natural colorant was subsequently incorporated into mascarpone cheese to assess its stability and effect on nutritional and antioxidant properties. The obtained extracts were mainly characterized by high concentrations of bioactive compounds, particularly quercetin-3-O-deoxyhexoside (14.4 ± 0.3 mg/g). The colorant imparted a greener hue to the mascarpone (a* –6.0 ± 0.05 vs. –1.7 ± 0.05 in control, p < 0.001) and maintained antioxidant activity (OxHLIA EC₅₀ = 1440 ± 72 to 1166 ± 66 μg/mL, p = 0.030) without altering the nutritional profile (p > 0.05). Moreover, no cytotoxicity was observed, and the fatty acid composition remained unchanged. Accordingly, the studied encapsulated colorant might be used as a functional ingredient in other dairy products, imparting an attractive color while preserving nutritional integrity. In conclusion, the incorporation of TAPC is an effective strategy to enrich dairy products with natural pigments and bioactive compounds without compromising quality. Future research is needed to explore its application in other food matrices and assess long-term storage effects.
- Assessment of farmer’s knowledge and attitudes toward fungi and mycotoxin contamination in staple crops in Southern MozambiquePublication . Bila, João; Macuamule, Custódia; Bombe, Amina; Ribeiro, Maria Isabel; Venâncio, Armando; Afonso, Sandra; Rodrigues, PaulaIn Mozambique, 80% of the population directly depends on agriculture as a source of food and income. However, some of the most produced food crops, such as maize, rice and peanuts, are easily contaminated by fungi and mycotoxins. The naturally high prevalence of mycotoxins can be aggravated by the high vulnerability and lack of knowledge of the farmers. The aims of this study were to assess the knowledge and perceptions of small-size and medium-size farmers in the provinces of Inhambane and Gaza, southern Mozambique, regarding awareness of fungi and mycotoxin contamination of food crops, losses of production and income, and the causes and consequences of this contamination. A survey was conducted with 180 farmers in the two provinces. A multiple linear regression model was used to correlate the level of knowledge with the sociodemographic characteristics of the studied population. Results The results showed that 97.8% of the farmers have an insufficient level of knowledge about fungi and mycotoxins contamination of food crops. While 17.8% showed sufficient or good knowledge of the conditions that promote fungal contamination, only 3.9% knew what measures to apply to mitigate their occurrence. The level of knowledge was lower for the Inhambane farmers. According to the estimated model, province, gender, age (>45 years old), primary and secondary (1st cycle) education, another source of income other than agriculture and experience as a farmer (>10 years) are statistically significant predictors of the level of knowledge of the Mozambican farmers analyzed. These findings highlight the urgent need of tailored interventions to promote good agricultural and storage practices that allow the mitigation of mycotoxin contamination of food.
- Assessment of Trioza erytreae microbiome and mitochondrial genome variability by integrated high-throughput sequencing approachPublication . Chiumenti, Michela; Nicoloso, Vittorio; Fereres, Alberto; Pereira, José Alberto; Maree, Hans J.; Bester, Rachelle; Reynaud, Bernard; Delatte, Hélène; Peña, Leandro; Pallás, Vicente; Serra, Pedro; Navarro, Beatriz; Serio, Francesco DiHuanglongbing, a devastating citrus disease, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', 'Ca. L. africanus' or 'Ca L. americanus', bacteria transmitted by the psylloids Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae. Using a DNA-Seq and metabarcode sequencing integrated approach, the first catalogue of endosymbionts associated with T. erytreae from the Iberian Peninsula, South Africa and African Islands, was generated. The almost complete genome of two new bacteria, one facultative and one obligate, tentatively named Asaia-like endosymbiont of T. erytreae and Sodalis-like endosymbiont of T. erytreae, respectively, was assembled and annotated. The complete mitochondrial genomes of T. erytreae from the geographical areas studied were also assembled and phylogenetic analyses were performed, suggesting that T. erytreae populations currently present in the Iberian Peninsula and specimens analyzed from South Africa may have originated from a common ancestor. Similar results were obtained when the genetic distances between Sodalis-like endosymbiont of T. erytreae were taken into consideration, thus supporting the symbiont-host codivergence which suggests that this bacterium is approaching to an obligate status. Finally, a new genetic marker of T. erytreae, an insertion in the mitochondrial tRNA-Ser gene, was identified only in some European samples, showing for the first time the existence of two mixed subpopulations of T. erytreae. The integrated DNA-Seq and metabarcode sequencing approach used in this study, besides generating a catalogue of T. erytreae endosymbionts, provided novel data on the sequence variability of bacterial and insect mitochondrial genomes from different geographic areas, highlighting the possible original sources of currently spreading T. erytreae populations may be more complex than previously reported.
- Bioactive metabolites from algae: occurrence, extraction techniques, functional properties, food applications and therapeutic prospectsPublication . Pereira, Cláudia S.G.P.; Carpena, M.; Barreira, João C.M.; Silva, Cristiana F.C.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Oliveira, BeatrizThis review critically summarizes the major algal-derived bioactive compounds, including phenolics compounds (e.g., phlorotannins, bromophenols, phenolic acids), sterols (e.g., fucosterol, beta-sitosterol), and polysaccharides (e. g., carrageenan, fucoidan, ulvan), as well as key pigments such as astaxanthin, beta-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and chlorophylls. In addition, state-of-the-art extraction technologies including supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, ultrasound assisted, microwave assisted, surfactant assisted, and enzyme assisted extractions, and carbon dioxide-expanded liquids) were systematically compared considering key parameters such as yield, versatility, compound selectivity, extract quality, cost-effectiveness, technical complexity, operational conditions, and sustainability principles. Based on this comparative evaluation, ultrasound assisted extraction emerged as the most versatile among advanced technologies, same as enzyme assisted extraction within ulterior techniques. The potential incorporation of these bioactive compounds into novel algaebased food systems, either as functional ingredients or texturizing agents, was also discussed. Moreover, their relevance in alternative therapeutic applications was also highlighted, with a proof-of-concept focused on the antiviral potential of sulfated polysaccharides (carrageenan, fucoidan, and ulvan). Overall, algae-based ingredients were found to be promising biofunctional agents for innovative food products, nutraceutical formulations, and therapeutic alternatives.
- Carob and pomegranate extracts enhance plant defence mechanisms against olive anthracnose through antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds productionPublication . Antón-Domínguez, Begoña I.; Sánchez-Pereira, Luiza; Lamas, Sandra; Rodrigues, Nuno; Baptista, Paula; Agustí-Brisach, CarlosOlive anthracnose (OA), caused by Colletotrichum species, is one of the most economically damaging disease in olive sector. This study was focused to identify sustainable control alternatives by evaluating the effect of pomegranate and carob extracts against OA and elucidating their mode of action. In vitro assays on mycelial growth, conidial production, and germination, and appressoria formation of C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae were performed. Neither extract significantly inhibited mycelial growth, while both reduced reproductive structures formation of the pathogens. Bioassays on detached and attached olive fruits in plants of cv. Arbequina, treated with extracts and/or inoculated with C. godetiae were conducted to evaluate the effect of the extracts on disease progression. Despite of the limited effect of the extracts on reducing disease progression in detached fruit, curative applications were more effective than preventive ones. Carob extract was more effective than pomegranate extract in reducing the disease incidence progression in attached fruit in planta. The resistance-inducing effect of plant extracts was evaluated by quantifying of H2O2 and phenolic compounds production in olive leaves at 0, 3, 7 and 24 h after inoculation with C. godetiae. Both extracts increased these parameters in the inoculated plants, with carob extract triggering an earlier activation and promoting a greater diversity of phenolic compounds accumulation. These findings reveals that these two extracts act as resistance inducers through different effective defence pathways, with carob extract standing out as a promising bioprotector against OA. These results open new possibilities for environmentally friendly management of OA using plant extracts.
- Chemical Composition of Almond Varieties Collected in the Valencian Region (Spain)Publication . Lopéz‐Cortés, Isabel; Fernandes, Luana; Baviera‐Puig, Amparo; Salazar, Domingo M.; Rodrigues, Nuno; Pereira, José Alberto; Ramalhosa, ElsaAlmonds (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) are consumed worldwide, with great economic importance in Spain. In the present work, six varieties collected in Valencia (Spain) were characterised: 'Desmayo Rojo', 'Guara', 'Desmayo Largueta' and 'Marcona' (Spanish varieties), and 'Ferraduel' and 'Ferragn & egrave;s' (French varieties). The different varieties differed significantly in nutritional composition, fatty acid profile, and alpha-tocopherol content. 'Desmayo Rojo' (less known than 'Desmayo Largueta') presented the highest content of alpha-tocopherol and campesterol. beta-Sitosterol was the major sterol, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. Concerning sugars, sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose were quantified. The highest concentration of sucrose was found in 'Ferragn & egrave;s', whereas stachyose was higher in 'Desmayo Largueta', 'Desmayo Rojo' and 'Guara'. 'Marcona' presented the highest value of raffinose. It was possible to separate the six varieties into five groups, keeping the French varieties in the same group. Thus, this work showed the importance of maintaining and guaranteeing this genetic variability, as each variety has unique characteristics.
- Chromatographic and Chemometric Characterization of the Two Wild Edible Mushrooms Fistulina hepatica and Clitocybe nuda: Insights into Nutritional, Phenolic, and Antioxidant ProfilesPublication . Saldanha, Ana Luísa; Añibarro-Ortega, Mikel; Molina, Adriana K.; Pinela, José; Dias, Maria Inês; Pereira, CarlaFistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. and Clitocybe nuda (Bull.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm. are wild edible mushrooms with nutritional and functional potential that remain insufficiently characterized. This study provides the first comparative assessment of their nutritional profiles, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity, using specimens collected from Montesinho Natural Park (Portugal). Proximate composition, organic and phenolic acids, free sugars, and fatty acids were analyzed by chromatographic methods, and antioxidant capacity was assessed through OxHLIA and TBARS assays. F. hepatica showed higher carbohydrates (9.3 +/- 0.2 g/100 g fw) and estimated energy values (43 +/- 1 kcal/100 g fw), increased phenolic acids content (2.7 +/- 0.1 mg/g extract), and the exclusive presence of p-coumaric and cinnamic acids, along with OxHLIA activity (IC50 = 126 +/- 5 mu g/mL at Delta t = 60 min). C. nuda displayed higher protein (2.5 +/- 0.1 g/100 g dw) and quinic acid contents (4.13 +/- 0.02 mg/g extract), a PUFA-rich profile, and greater TBARS inhibition (EC50 = 303 +/- 17 mu g/mL). These findings highlight distinct and complementary bioactive traits, supporting their valorization as natural functional ingredients. Their compositional features offer promising applications in sustainable food systems and nutraceutical development, encouraging further investigations into safety, bioaccessibility, and formulation strategies. Notably, F. hepatica is best consumed at a young developmental stage, as its sensory properties tend to decline with maturity.
- Climate change-induced stress in the honey bee Apis mellifera L.- a genetic reviewPublication . Sagastume, Soledad; Cilia, Giovanni; Henriques, Dora; Yadró García, Carlos A.; Corona, Miguel; Higes, Mariano; Pinto, M. Alice; Nanetti, Antonio; Martín-Hernández, RaquelClimate change is a powerful driver of stress, as it reinforces hotter and drier environments. For bees, the most concerning aspects of these new environmental conditions are the resistance and resilience of bees to changes in temperature, humidity and ultraviolet radiation, as well as the negative effect on diversity of food resources which can lead in nutritional stress. The climatic vulnerability of various bee species and subspecies varies worldwide, as they experience varying levels of stress and display distinct behaviors, weaknesses, and lifespans. To understand these differences, it is crucial to consider both the genetics and epigenetics of bees, as these factors play a key role in their response, resistance, and adaptation to new stressors. This review provides a guide of genetic and epigenetic markers involved in the cellular response of Apis mellifera to most common stressors derived from climate change. Understanding how the various molecular mechanisms interact to restore homeostasis during the stress response is essential for designing future studies based on molecular markers.
- Common agricultural policy support to silvopasture in the European Atlantic regionPublication . Santiago-Freijanes, Jose Javier; Rodríguez-Rigueiro, Francisco Javier; Ferreiro-Domínguez, Nuria; López-Díaz, Ma Lourdes; Rigueiro-Rodríguez, Antonio; Castro, Marina; González-Hernández, María Pilar; Fernández-Lorenzo, Juan Luis; Romero-Franco, Rosa; García-Berrios, Julian Jesús; Hallez, Tobi; Anzilotti, Solaria; Giannetti, Francesca; Pantera, Anastasia; Aldrey-Vázquez, José Antonio; Couso-Viana, Ana; Hosseini-Yekani, Seyed-Ali; Porto-Serantes, Nélida; Mosquera-Losada, María RosaAgroforestry practices are sustainable forms of land management recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the European Commission (EC). These organizations have established mechanisms to promote agroforestry globally. However, the policies they create often lack monitoring and thorough impact evaluation. To effectively analyze how policies promote agroforestry, it is crucial to consider the scale and context in which these practices are implemented. Policies should be tailored to specific socioeconomic and environmental contexts to ensure their relevance and effectiveness. The best practices that emerge can be applied to similar situations. The objective of this study was to analyze the current state of silvopasture in the Atlantic region of Europe and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) measures associated with the Rural Development Programs (RDPs). The goals are to enhance our understanding of how sustainable land use systems are promoted and to provide insights that can foster agroforestry across Europe. The Atlantic region is characterized by a significant intensification of agricultural activities, with a very low proportion of silvopasture, mostly in the Northern Atlantic regions. Agroforestry is recognized for its ability to provide ecosystem services that sequester carbon and enhance biodiversity and productivity in the Central Atlantic Region of Europe by promoting hedgerows or reducing forest fires in the Southern Atlantic regions. The CAP promotes agroforestry in some of these areas, primarily through agri-environmental measures. Political measures should prioritize the management, conservation, and implementation of silvopasture to increase sustainability across the European Union (EU). Efforts to promote silvopasture should be encouraged through both agroforestry eco-schemes and CAP Pillar II interventions.