Browsing by Author "Tsubota, Ken-ichi"
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- Analysis of velocity profiles of blood flow in microchannels using confocal micro-PIV and particle methodPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Wada, Shigeo; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Yamaguchi, TakamiThe combination of computational and experimental investigations provides an excellent approach to understand complex phenomena involved at a microscopic level. This paper emphasizes a new experimental technique capable to quantify the flow patterns inside microchannels with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique, known as confocal micro-PIV, consists of a spinning disk confocal microscope, high speed camera and a diodepumped solid state (DPSS) laser. Velocity profiles of physiological fluids were measured within different microchannels. The measured results agree reasonably well with the predicted analytical values. This new PIV system is a very promising technique to confirm the validity of the data obtained by numerical simulations, such as the MPS particle method.
- Blood cell motions and interactions in microchannelsPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Ishikawa, Takuji; Fujiwara, Hiroki; Takeda, Motohiro; Imai, Yohsuke; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Wada, Shigeo; Yamaguchi, TakamiDetailed knowledge on the motions and interactions of individual blood cells flowing in microchannels is essential to provide a better understanding on the blood rheological properties and disorders in microvessels. This paper presents the ability of a confocal micro-PTV system to track red blood cells (RBCs) through a 100 μm circular glass microchannel. The technique consists of a spinning disk confocal microscope, high speed camera and a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser combined with a single particle tracking (SPT) software (MtrackJ). Detailed measurements on the motions of RBCs were measured at different haematocrits (Hct). Our results show clearly that this technique can provide detailed information about microscale disturbance effects caused by the blood cells.
- Confocal micro-PIV measurements of blood flow in microchannelsPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Wada, Shigeo; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Yamaguchi, TakamiThe detail measurements of velocity profiles of blood flow in microchannels are fundamental for a better understanding on the biomechanics of the microcirculation. It is therefore very important to obtain measurements with high accuracy and spatial resolution of the influence of the blood cells on the plasma flow behaviour. This paper presents and compares measurements of in vitro blood with different hematocrits within a square microchannel obtained by a confocal particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. This emerging technology by combining the conventional PIV system with a spinning confocal microscope has the ability to obtain not only high spatial resolution images but also three-dimensional (3D) optical sectioning velocity measurements. Velocity measurements of plasma seeded with 1 ~tm diameter fluorescent particles were performed at different locations along the depth of 100 ~tm square microchannel at a constant flow rate (0.15~tl/min) and Reynolds number (Re) of 0.025. By using our confocal micro-PIV system, it was possible to obtain time-series of instantaneous velocity profiles with high spatial resolution of 28.24 18.83 ~tm at time intervals of 5 ms between two images. The ensemble-averaged velocity results of blood flow with different hematocrits (up to 25%) have shown velocity profiles very close to a parabolic shape. However, by analysing the temporal variance of the instantaneous velocity profiles of different hematocrits, we have observed a substantial increase of the instantaneous velocity fluctuations by increasing the hematocrit within the plasma flow. Besides, some possible effects from the measurements accuracy and flow rate instabilities from the syringe pump, this observation also suggests that there is a direct correlation between the level of hematocrit and the temporal instantaneous velocity fluctuations.
- Confocal micro-PIV measurements of three-dimensional profiles of cell suspension flow in a square microchannelPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Wada, Shigeo; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Yamaguchi, TakamiA detailed measurement of the blood flow velocity profile in microchannels in vitro is fundamental to better understand the biomechanics of microcirculation. Therefore it is very important to determine the influence of suspended blood cells on the flow behaviour with high accuracy and spatial resolution. We measured the flow of blood cells suspended in a physiological fluid within a square microchannel using a confocal particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and compared it to pure water. This emerging technology combines a conventional PIV system with a spinning confocal microscope and has the ability to obtain high-resolution images and three-dimensional (3D) optical section velocity measurements. The good agreement obtained between the measured and estimated results suggests that macroscale flow theory can be used to predict the flow behaviour of a homogeneous fluid within a 100 μm square microchannel. Our results also demonstrated the potential of the confocal system for generating 3D profiles and consequently obtaining detailed information on microscale effects in microchannels using both homogeneous and non-homogeneous fluids, such as a suspension of blood cells. Furthermore, the results obtained from our confocal micro-PIV system show the ability of this system to measure velocities up to 0.52 mm s−1 in a blood cell suspension fluid.
- In vitro blood flow in a rectangular PDMS microchannel: experimental observations using a confocal micro-PIV systemPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Wada, Shigeo; Tanaka, Shuji; Takeda, Motohiro; Ishikawa, Takuji; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Imai, Yohsuke; Yamaguchi, TakamiProgress in microfabricated technologies has attracted the attention of researchers in several areas, including microcirculation. Microfluidic devices are expected to provide powerful tools not only to better understand the biophysical behavior of blood flow in microvessels, but also for disease diagnosis. Such microfluidic devices for biomedical applications must be compatible with state-of-the-art flow measuring techniques, such as confocal microparticle image velocimetry (PIV). This confocal system has the ability to not only quantify flow patterns inside microchannels with high spatial and temporal resolution, but can also be used to obtain velocity measurements for several optically sectioned images along the depth of the microchannel. In this study, we investigated the ability to obtain velocity measurements using physiological saline (PS) and in vitro blood in a rectangular polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) microchannel (300 μm wide, 45 μm deep) using a confocal micro-PIV system. Applying this combination, measurements of trace particles seeded in the flow were performed for both fluids at a constant flow rate (Re = 0.02). Velocity profiles were acquired by successive measurements at different depth positions to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) information on the behavior of both fluid flows. Generally, the velocity profiles were found to be markedly blunt in the central region, mainly due to the low aspect ratio (h/w = 0.15) of the rectangular microchannel. Predictions using a theoretical model for the rectangular microchannel corresponded quite well with the experimental micro-PIV results for the PS fluid. However, for the in vitro blood with 20% hematocrit, small fluctuations were found in the velocity profiles. The present study clearly shows that confocal micro-PIV can be effectively integrated with a PDMS microchannel and used to obtain blood velocity profiles along the full depth of the microchannel because of its unique 3-D optical sectioning ability. Advantages and disadvantages of PDMS microchannels over glass capillaries are also discussed.
- In vitro confocal micro-PIV measurements of blood flow in a square microchannel: the effect of the haematocrit on instantaneous velocity profilesPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Wada, Shigeo; Takeda, Motohiro; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Yamaguchi, TakamiA confocal microparticle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) system was used to obtain detailed information on the velocity profiles for the flow of pure water (PW) and in vitro blood (haematocrit up to 17%) in a 100-μm-square microchannel. All the measurements were made in the middle plane of the microchannel at a constant flow rate and low Reynolds number (Re=0.025). The averaged ensemble velocity profiles were found to be markedly parabolic for all the working fluids studied. When comparing the instantaneous velocity profiles of the three fluids, our results indicated that the profile shape depended on the haematocrit. Our confocal micro-PIV measurements demonstrate that the root mean square (RMS) values increase with the haematocrit implying that it is important to consider the information provided by the instantaneous velocity fields, even at low Re. The present study also examines the potential effect of the RBCs on the accuracy of the instantaneous velocity measurements.
- Measurement of erythrocyte motions in microchannels by using a confocal micro-PTV systemPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Ishikawa, Takuji; Takeda, Motohiro; Tanaka, Shuji; Imai, Yohsuke; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Wada, Shigeo; Yamaguchi, TakamiDetailed knowledge on the motion of individual red blood cells (RBCs) flowing in microchannels is essential to provide a better understanding on the blood rheological properties and disorders in microvessels. Several studies on both individual and concentrated RBCs have already been performed in the past. However, all studies used conventional microscopes and also ghost cells to obtain visible trace RBCs through the microchannel. Recently, considerable progress in the development of confocal microscopy and consequent advantages of this microscope over the conventional microscopes have led to a new technique known as confocal micro-PIV. This technique combines the conventional PIV system with a spinning disk confocal microscope (SDCM). Due to its outstanding spatial filtering technique together with the multiple point light illumination system, this kind of microscope has the ability to obtain in-focus images with optical thickness less than 1 μm, a task extremely difficult to be achieved by using a conventional microscope. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of our confocal micro-PTV system to measure the motion of individual RBCs at different haematocrit (Hct) through microchannels.
- Measurement of multi-red blood cells interactions in blood flow by confocal micro-PTVPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Ishikawa, Takuji; Fujiwara, Hiroki; Takeda, Motohiro; Imai, Yohsuke; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Matsuki, Noriaki; Wada, Shigeo; Yamaguchi, TakamiIn microcirculation the flow behavior of red blood cells (RBCs) plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological phenomena. For instance, the interaction of RBCs in shear flow is believed to play an important role to the thrombogenesis process. Despite the relevance of this phenomenon on the blood mass transport, very little studies have been performed during the years, partly due to the absence of adequate visualization techniques able to obtain both direct and quantitative measurements on multi-RBCs motions in concentrated suspensions. Past studies on both individual and concentrated RBCs used conventional microscopes and/or ghost cells to obtain visible trace RBCs at high concentration suspension of blood cells [1, 2]. Recently, advances of confocal microscopy and consequent advantages over conventional microscopes have led to an emerging technique known as confocal micro-PIV [3, 4]. This paper presents the application of a confocal micro- PTV system to measure RBC-RBC hydrodynamic interactions in flowing blood.
- Os métodos computacionais em hemodinâmicaPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Wada, Shigeo; Yamaguchi, TakamiAté à última década do século XX, a investigação realizada em hemodinâmica limitava-se, essencialmente, a estudos baseados em métodos experimentais e modelos matemáticos. No entanto, no final do século XX, os avanços tecnológicos na área da computação e o custo mais baixo de aquisição propiciaram uma nova forma de investigar os factores hemodinâmicos em termos fisiológicos e patológicos. Tal como tem acontecido em diversas áreas da ciência, os métodos computacionais constituem um complemento bastante promissor para investigar e analisar uma série de mecanismos fisiológicos e patológicos existentes nos vários órgãos do corpo humano. Este artigo trata, portanto, dos métodos computacionais em hemodinâmica e faz uma breve descrição do processo e da aplicação destes métodos no estudo do escoamento sanguíneo
- Microscale flow dynamics of red blood cells in a circular microchannelPublication . Lima, Rui A.; Nakamura, M.; Ishikawa, Takuji; Tanaka, Shuji; Takeda, Motohiro; Imai, Yohsuke; Tsubota, Ken-ichi; Wada, Shigeo; Yamaguchi, TakamiThe blood flow dynamics in microcirculation depends strongly on the motion, deformation and interaction of RBCs within the microvessel. This paper presents the application of a confocal micro-PTV system to track RBCs through a circular polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) microchannel. This technique, consists of a spinning disk confocal microscope, high speed camera and a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser combined with a single particle tracking (SPT) method. By using this system detailed motions of individual RBCs were measured at a microscale level. Our results showed that this technique can provide detailed information about microscale disturbance effects caused by RBCs in flowing blood.