Percorrer por autor "Saux, Clara"
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- Dynamic maceration of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruit waste: an optimization study to recover anthocyaninsPublication . Cerino, María Carolina; Pinela, José; Caleja, Cristina; Saux, Clara; Pereira, Eliana; Barros, LillianAcerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is a tropical fruit with a vibrant red color attributed to anthocyanins, natural pigments, with several applications in the food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the suitability of acerola fruit waste for producing anthocyanin colorants by dynamic maceration was investigated. The extraction process was optimized by combining the factors time (2–90 min), temperature (20–90 C), and ethanol percentage (0–100%) in a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction yield determined by a gravimetric method and the levels of cyanidin-O-deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-Odeoxyhexoside anthocyanins quantified in the 20 run extracts by HPLC-DAD were used as dependent variables. After fitting the experimental data to a quadratic equation, the obtained statistically valid predictive models were used to determine optimal macerating conditions. Under global settings (25 min processing at 41 C with 12% ethanol), the extraction yielded 57.1% (w/w) and each gram of extract contained 2.54 mg of anthocyanins. Overall, this study highlights the renewable potential of acerola fruit waste for obtaining natural anthocyanin extracts that could represent a sustainable alternative to artificial colorants used in food and other products.
- Malpighia emarginata DC. as a source of nutrients and bioactive compoundsPublication . Cerino, María Carolina; Caleja, Cristina; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Dias, Maria Inês; Pereira, Carla; Stojković, Dejan; Soković, Marina; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Saux, Clara; Pereira, Eliana; Barros, LillianFrom the Industrial Revolution, humanity has been suffering the consequences of a system that only focus on economic growth, neglecting environment quality and, consequently, population’s health. Horticulture is one of the industrial sectors where the greatest amount of organic waste is generated.1 These biowastes are further discarded and devalued. However, these by-products are excellent sources of pigments, phenolic compounds, dietary fibres, sugar derivatives, organic acids, minerals and vitamins. All these compounds have health beneficial properties, so their reuse is an effective and promising alternative for industry and environment.2 Many authors have studied different vegetable matrices and found molecules of high industrial interest in their composition.3 Due to its high vitamin C, carotenoids and anthocyanins content, Malpighia emarginata DC. (acerola) is known for its nutritional and functional properties. Its extracts are used as substitutes for phytoestrogen in medicines and show biofunctional effects, such as antioxidant activity in the prevention of age-related diseases, cancer, cardiovascular problems and hypertension.4 Considering that, this research work would make a nutritional and chemical characterization of acerola bioresidues, as well as a study of the bioactive potential of its extract. The nutritional profile (protein, ash, fat, carbohydrate and energy content) was determined using official methodologies for the analysis of food products (AOAC). The chemical profile was evaluated, determining free sugars by HPLC-RI, organic acids by UFLC-PDA, fatty acids by GC-FID, tocopherols by HPLC-fluorescence and phenolic compounds (anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin) by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The bioactive potential was assessed through in vitro tests for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, as well as cytotoxicity and hepatotoxicity tests on human tumour cell lines and non-tumour primary cell culture, respectively, by applying the sulforhodamine B assay. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were identified, highlighting fructose as the main free sugar compound. Also, oxalic, malic, ascorbic and succinic acids were identified, being malic acid the most abundant organic acid. The fatty acids profile revealed the presence of fourteen compounds, being mostly represented by saturated fatty acids, with oleic acid as the majority. The phenolic composition evidenced the presence of six non-anthocyanin compounds and two anthocyanins, standing out isorhamnetin-O-pentosyl- hexoside and cyanidin-O-deoxyhexoside as the major compounds, respectively. Regarding the bioactive action, the presence of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action was demonstrated, as well as, the antimicrobial activity revealed promising results, with good bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects. Concerning cytotoxic evaluation, the extract manifested anti-proliferative capacity against the half-tested tumour cell lines and exhibit non-toxicity in the non-tumour cell cultures. Overall, this study highlights the excellent composition in compounds of interest and bioactive potential of Malpighia emarginata DC. fruits, being a promising option for the development of functional products in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
- Nutritional and chemical characterization of biowastes from the agri-food sector: the particular case of Malpighia emarginata DC (acerola)Publication . Cerino, María Carolina; Caleja, Cristina; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Saux, Clara; Barros, Lillian; Pereira, ElianaThe agri-food by-products, particularly fruits and vegetables, are renewable sources that can originate new added-value ingredients with functional compounds and properties. The processing of natural matrices has been identified as excellent sources of nutrients, presenting benefits to the human health [1]. Considering the importance attributed to the biowaste from the food industry, this work focuses in the Malpighia emarginata DC biowastes characterization, concerning their nutritional value and chemical composition. The nutritional profile (protein, ash, fat, carbohydrate content and energy value) was evaluated using official analysis methodologies (AOAC) and the chemical profile was determined by chromatographic techniques, being the free sugars identified/quantified by HPLC- RI, the organic acids by UFLC-PDA and the fatty acids by GC-FID. The results showed that carbohydrates (8.57 ± 0.04 g/100 g fw) were the macronutrient presented in higher amounts, followed by proteins (1.15 ± 0.04 g/100 g fw). The fat concentration was considerably low, presenting a value of 0.30 ± 0.001 g/100 g fw and, in terms of moisture (89.74 ± 0 g/100 g), the sample showed a high-water content in its composition. The energy level of the M. emarginata fruits was 39.42 ± 0.04 kcal/100 g fw. Regarding the sugar profile, the samples showed the presence of three sugars groups, two monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and one disaccharide (sucrose), being the fructose the main free sugar detected. Organic acids were also detected, namely oxalic, malic, ascorbic and succinic acids, and succinic acid. It should be highlighted malic acid concentration. Considering the fatty acids individual profile, fourteen compounds were identified, with oleic acid (C18:1n9c) and palmitic acid (C16:0) detected in the highest percentage (31.830 ± 0.677 % and 24.44 ± 0.16 %, respectively). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the fruits of M. emarginata could have a potential value as functional food ingredients, due to their excellent nutritional and chemical composition.