Percorrer por autor "Kannan, Abhilash"
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- Camphor and eucalyptol—anticandidal spectrum, antivirulence effect, efflux pumps interference and cytotoxicityPublication . Ivanov, Marija; Kannan, Abhilash; Stojković, Dejan; Glamočlija, Jasmina; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Sanglard, Dominique; Soković, MarinaCandida albicans represents one of the most common fungal pathogens. Due to its increasing incidence and the poor efficacy of available antifungals, finding novel antifungal molecules is of great importance. Camphor and eucalyptol are bioactive terpenoid plant constituents and their antifungal properties have been explored previously. In this study, we examined their ability to inhibit the growth of different Candida species in suspension and biofilm, to block hyphal transition along with their impact on genes encoding for efflux pumps (CDR1 and CDR2), ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG11), and cytotoxicity to primary liver cells. Camphor showed excellent antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.125–0.35 mg/mL while eucalyptol was active in the range of 2–23 mg/mL. The results showed camphor’s potential to reduce fungal virulence traits, that is, biofilm establishment and hyphae formation. On the other hand, camphor and eucalyptol treatments upregulated CDR1; CDR2 was positively regulated after eucalyptol application while camphor downregulated it. Neither had an impact on ERG11 expression. The beneficial antifungal activities of camphor were achieved with an amount that was non-toxic to porcine liver cells, making it a promising antifungal compound for future development. The antifungal concentration of eucalyptol caused cytotoxic effects and increased expression of efflux pump genes, which suggests that it is an unsuitable antifungal candidate.
- Flavones, flavonols, and glycosylated derivatives—impact on candida albicans growth and virulence, expression of cdr1 and erg11, cytotoxicityPublication . Ivanov, Marija; Kannan, Abhilash; Stojković, Dejan; Glamočlija, Jasmina; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Sanglard, Dominique; Soković, MarinaDue to the high incidence of fungal infections worldwide, there is an increasing demand for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. A wide range of natural products has been extensively studied, with considerable focus on flavonoids. The antifungal capacity of selected flavones (luteolin, apigenin), flavonols (quercetin), and their glycosylated derivatives (quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, and apigetrin) along with their impact on genes encoding efflux pumps (CDR1) and ergosterol biosynthesis enzyme (ERG11) has been the subject of this study. Cytotoxi-city of flavonoids towards primary liver cells has also been addressed. Luteolin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and rutin inhibited growth of Candida albicans with the minimal inhibitory concentration of 37.5 µg/mL. The application of isoquercitrin has reduced C. albicans biofilm establishing capacities for 76%, and hyphal formation by yeast. In vitro treatment with apigenin, apigetrin, and quercitrin has downregulated CDR1. Contrary to rutin and apigenin, isoquercitrin has upregulated ERG11. Except apigetrin and quercitrin (90 µg/mL and 73 µg/mL, respectively inhibited 50% of the net cell growth), the examined flavonoids did not exhibit cytotoxicity. The reduction of both fungal virulence and expression of antifungal resistance-linked genes was the most pronounced for apigenin and apigetrin; these results indicate flavonoids’ indispensable capacity for further development as part of an anticandidal therapy or prevention strategy.