Percorrer por autor "Haddad, Hala"
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- Inflammation: what's there and what's new?Publication . Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Haddad, Hala; Ribeiro, Lucia M.; Heleno, Sandrina A.; Carocho, Márcio; Barros, LillianSince the dawn of man, inflammation has been known to humanity, as it is marked by pain. Inflammation processes are related to serious chronic diseases with irreversible damage to the organism, being crucial for the development of anti-inflammatory agents. Among the existing anti-inflammatory drugs, non-steroidal and glucocorticoids are commonly used; however, these compounds have been described as responsible for the increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications and many other side effects. Therefore, it is not shocking that ethnobotany leads most modern studies on the discovery of anti-inflammatory agents obtained from natural matrices. Extracts from plants and isolated substances have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in a set of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory models. This review describes inflammation processes with an emphasis on the most common related diseases, while also describing the most promising natural anti-inflammatory agents, by reporting on their obtention processes, mechanisms of action, and applications.
- Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Bryonia dioica Jacq: promising anti-inflammatory tubersPublication . Haddad, Hala; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Barros, Lillian; Hassen, ElhamInflammation is a defense mechanism designed to eliminate microorganisms, among other agents, to protect living tissues from infections, injuries, and to enhance tissue repair mechanisms. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used, but unfortunately, they have been associated with many side effects, namely the increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications. Therefore, the discovery of new, efficient, and safer anti-inflammatory agents is crucial to prevent and treat inflammatory processes. Natural matrices, such as tubers, have been explored and described as having a huge diversity of bioactive molecules with anti-inflammatory capacity and with few undesirable effects. Thus, in the present work, the hydroethanolic extracts of two tubers, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) and Bryonia dioica Jacq. Were studied as potential anti-inflammatory agents. The main objective of this work was to validate the anti-inflammatory activity of these tubers through two anti-inflammatory assays in vitro: i) inhibition of the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a cell model, RAW 264.7 - stimulated rat macrophage cell line by lipopolysaccharide (LPS); ii) inhibition of the activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme. To ensure the safe use of these extracts, cytotoxic activity in tumor and non-tumor lines and cellular antioxidant activity were evaluated. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were also assessed using flow cytometry techniques. In addition, these extracts were characterized in terms of organic acids and phenolic compounds through chromatographic techniques to establish a structure-activity relationship. According to the results obtained, the two tubers revealed the presence of organic acids, well described bioactive molecules, and four phenolic compounds were also identified in Z. officinale. Both samples are promising anti-inflammatory agents, since they exhibited the ability to inhibit NO production with very low IC50 values. It should be noted that B. dioica showed an anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity more effective than the standards used. The results of antioxidant activity were less promising, as both samples were less effective than quercetin. The results of the cell cycle show that B. dioica suppresses the G0/G1 phase, while apoptotic analysis indicates that Z. officinale has a greater capacity to induce cell death by the apoptotic pathway. These results are very promising and highlight the anti-inflammatory potential of these tubers, however further tests are needed to evaluate other inflammatory mediators and confirm in vivo their efficacy and safety.