Teses de Mestrado ESA
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Browsing Teses de Mestrado ESA by Author "Abidi, Essil"
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- Optimization of the extraction of bioactive compounds from Annona cherimola Mill. bio-residues using different techniquesPublication . Abidi, Essil; Reis, Filipa S.; Caleja, Cristina; Khemakhem, MaissaThe study of biological waste from fruits and vegetables is of great interest, not only for the food industry for many reasons, including economic interests, but also for the scientific community, which, in addition to an interesting nutritional characterization, found that this type of waste is a very interesting source of bioactive compounds. In recent years, Annona cherimola Mill. has been gaining great visibility worldwide due to its sensory properties, nutritional value and, consequently, its benefits for consumers' health. However, the epicarp of this fruit is discarded as worthless waste, despite several studies reporting a compelling nutritional, chemical and bioactive composition. Considering the amount of by-products produced annually, the main objective of this work is to optimize the extraction of an extract rich in phenolic compounds from the epicarp of Annona cherimola Mill. For that, two techniques were employed and compared to each other, heat-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, to obtain extracts with potential interest for the food industry, namely as a natural preservative. The optimal conditions that guarantee the maximization of the extraction of phenolic compounds from Annona peel was determined using the response surface methodology (RSM). Phenolic compounds were analysed by HPLC-DAD-(ESI-)MS/MS. After obtaining the optimal extraction points by RSM, the bioactivity of the Annona peel was evaluated; the antioxidant capacity was assessed by colourimetric assays; the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against several food and clinical bacterial strains and fungi; the cytotoxic activity was tested on human tumor cell lines and non-tumor cell cultures, and the anti-inflammatory activity was tested in RAW 264.7 cells. The optimal peel extracts obtained by HAE and UAE presented the highest concentration of phenolic compounds (23.23 ± 0.92 and 11.75 ± 0.67 mg.g−1 extract dw, respectively). Hydroxytyrosol-hexoside, B-type procyanidin dimer, epicatechin were among the most abundant compounds. The maceration’s extract of Annona peel presented the highest antioxidant capacity as measured by TBARS and DPPH since they showed lower EC50 values comparing to the extract using ultrasound, while they presented equal results by the reducing power assay. Promising antibacterial activity was noticed for Annona's peel phenolic compounds extracted using Maceration that was proven to have a better bacterial inhibition against Gram-positive bacterial strains especially against the foodborne bacteria. Overall, it can be concluded that A. cherimola peel, is a source of polyphenolic compounds with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The choice of extraction method and solvent greatly influenced the composition and bioactivity of the extracts. These findings highlight the potential of Annona’s peel for the development of natural additives, while also emphasizing the importance of sustainable utilization of food waste materials. Further research is warranted to optimize extraction techniques and explore additional applications for these valuable bioactive compounds.