Silva, Hitalo Rodrigues daDifante, Gelson dos SantosRoberto, Francisca Fernanda da SilvaFerreira Júnior, Marcos AntônioAraújo, Carolina Marques CostaLonghini, Vanessa ZirondiRodrigues, Jéssica GomesPereira, Marislayne de GusmãoMontagner, Denise BaptaglinÍtavo, Luís Carlos VinhasGurgel, Antônio Leandro ChavesCastro, Marina2026-06-032026-06-032026Silva, Hitalo Rodrigues da; Difante, Gelson dos Santos; Roberto, Francisca Fernanda da Silva; Ferreira Júnior, Marcos Antônio; Araújo, Carolina Marques Costa; Longhini, Vanessa Zirondi; Rodrigues, Jéssica Gomes; Pereira, Marislayne de Gusmão; Montagner, Denise Baptaglin; Ítavo, Luís Carlos Vinhas; Gurgel, Antônio Leandro Chaves; Castro, Marina(2026). Effects of nitrogen fertilization on forage production, animal performance, and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical pastures: A systematic review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. ISSN 0167-8809. 406, p. 1-180167-8809http://hdl.handle.net/10198/36833This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on forage production, animal performance, and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical pastures. The research question was developed based on the PICOS strategy. A total of 84,629 documents were retrieved from six databases, of which 34 studies met the inclusion criteria due to their methodological robustness. Most studies were conducted under grazing conditions (69.7%), using Brachiaria brizantha (52.9%) and Panicum maximum (26.5%). Urea (53.2%) and ammonium nitrate (25.5%) were the most evaluated N sources, with application rates ranging from 0 to 1000 kg ha⁻¹ , often split into three applications. Nitrogen use increased stocking rate (157.7%), gain per area (189.4%), and average daily gain (31.0%) when application rates rose from 0 to 300 kg ha⁻¹ . Overall, N fertilization has potential to improve forage productivity and animal performance in tropical pastures; however, responses vary depending on rates, sources, and experimental conditions. Splitting N rates (20–60 kg ha⁻¹) and synchronizing applications with plant demand are effective strategies to reduce NH₃ and N₂O losses, enhance fertilizer use efficiency, and mitigate environmental impacts. Future research should focus on evaluating the effects of different N sources and doses on soil CO₂ and CH₄ emissions, enteric CH₄, and C/N dynamics within the soil–plant–animal system, as well as expanding studies to other forage and animal species representative of tropical grazing systems.engBrachiariaCarrying capacityDirect and indirect emissionsEmission reductionN fractionationPanicumjournal article10.1016/j.agee.2026.110401