Rodrigues, NunoFerreiro, Nuno ManuelRuano, Daniela Filipa MagalhãesDias, FranciscoVeloso, Ana C.A.Pereira, J.A.Peres, António M.2024-05-142024-05-142024Rodrigues, Nuno; Ferreiro, Nuno; Ruano, Daniela; Dias, Francisco; Veloso, Ana C.A.; Pereira, J.A.; Peres, António M. (2024). Electronic nose: a tool to verify the PDO declaration of Portuguese olive oils. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. ISSN 2193-4126. 18:4, p. 2952-29642193-4126http://hdl.handle.net/10198/29764The volatile and olfactory profiles of three Portuguese olive oils with protected designations of origin (PDO) were studied: "Azeite do Alentejo Interior", "Azeites da Beira Interior", and "Azeite de Tras-os-Montes". Seven classes of volatiles were identified, with aldehydes, followed by hydrocarbons and alcohols, the most prevalent (5.63, 2.92, and 2.79 mg/kg olive oil, respectively). The "Azeites da Beira Interior" oils exhibited the highest amount of volatiles (18.2 +/- 4.6 mg/kg olive oil) compared to the oils from the other two PDOs. Ten positive olfactory sensations were detected, and a significant effect of the PDO on the intensities of fruity, apple, cabbage, tomato, dry and fresh herbs was observed. Specifically, "Azeite do Alentejo Interior" PDO oils were characterized as fruity-ripe, while "Azeite de Tras-os-Montes" PDO oils were labelled as fruity-green. Conversely, "Azeites da Beira Interior" PDO oils encompassed both fruity-ripe and fruity-green oils. Unique volatile and olfactory fingerprints were established for each PDO, allowing the linear discrimination of the oils according to the PDO, with a predictive sensitivity of 98.0 +/- 4.2% (repeated K-fold-CV). Furthermore, a lab-made electronic nose successfully discriminated the studied oils based on the PDO, with a predictive accuracy of 99.7 +/- 2.0% (repeated K-fold-CV). This device also allowed predicting the concentrations of the three main volatile classes found in the oils through multiple linear regression models (R2 >= 0.923 +/- 0.101 and RMSE <= 1.32 +/- 0.72 mg/kg oil; repeated K-fold-CV). These findings underscore the potential of the electronic nose as a reliable traceability tool to authenticate the PDO declaration of Portuguese olive oils, and broaden its use beyond non-PDO oils from a specific geographical area to encompass a national scale.engChemometricsGeographical originGas sensorsSensory panelVolatile profilejournal article10.1007/s11694-024-02374-42193-4134