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O pólen apícola é um dos alimentos naturais mais utilizado na medicina tradicional, em práticas clínicas, nas indústrias alimentar e farmacêutica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o efeito de diferentes condições de armazenamento nas caraterísticas nutricionais, microbiológicas e nas propriedades bioativas do pólen apícola de modo de produção biológica. Teor de humidade, cinzas, aw, pH, açúcares redutores, proteínas, lípidos, ácidos gordos, hidratos de carbono e valor energético, foram os parâmetros analisados. Os microrganismos estudados foram: aeróbios mesófilos, bolores e leveduras, coliformes fecais, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e clostrídios sulfito redutores. A família botânica predominante no total de 8 famílias identificadas foi a Rosáceae. Os pólens estudados são nutricionalmente bem equilibrados, uma vez que os parâmetros físico-químicos encontram-se dentro do estipulado por lei, à exceção da humidade do pólen desidratado. Os ácidos gordos polinsaturados (PUFA) foram os mais abundantes em todas as amostras. Os pólens revelaram uma qualidade microbiológica adequada. Os indicadores de qualidade sanitária e as espécies toxigénicas estavam ausentes em todas as amostras em estudo, sugerindo que o produto é seguro para o consumidor. O pólen congelado foi o que apresentou maior teor em compostos fenólicos totais (48,40 ± 0,39 mg GAE/g). Em relação ao teor de flavonóides totais, o pólen que apresentou maior teor foi o desidratado (6,99 ± 0,33 mg CAE/g). Relativamente à atividade antioxidante determinada pelo método do poder redutor, o pólen desidratado foi o que mais se destacou (EC50 = 2,04 ± 0,02 mg/mL), enquanto que, o pólen que apresentou o maior efeito bloqueador foi o congelado (EC50 = 0,74 ± 0,01 mg/mL). Os extratos metanólicos de pólen apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra todos os microrganismos em estudo (Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Cândida parapsilosis, Picha membranifaciens, Zygosaccharomyces mellis), apresentando as bactérias Gram-negativas maior resistência. A quercitina foi o composto fenólico predominante quando se utilizou a Amberlite XAD-2 na extração, enquanto que, na extração metanólica foram identificadas possíveis famílias de compostos, sendo as flavonas e a crisina mais frequentes.
The bee pollen is one of the natural foods more used in medical folk, clinical practises, food industry and pharmaceutics. The present study aims to compare the effects of different conditions of storage in nutritional characteristics, microbiologic and in bioactive properties of bee pollen of biologic production mode. Content of humidity, ashes, aw, pH, reducing sugars, proteins, lipids, fat acids, carbohydrates and energetic value, were the analyzed parameters. The studied microorganisms were: mesophylls, aerobic, yeast and mold, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and sulphite reducing clostridia. The prevailing botanic family in total of 8 identified families was Rosáceae. The studied pollens are nutritionally well balance, considering that physical and chemical parameter are within the prescribed by law, except for pollen dehydrated humidity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the most abundant in all samples. Pollens revealed an adequate microbiological quality. The indicators of sanitary quality and the toxigenic species were absent in all samples analysed, suggesting that the product is safe for the consumer. The frozen pollen showed the highest content in phenolic compounds (48,40 ± 0,39 mg GAE/g). Concerning the content of total flavonoids, the pollen which presented higher content was the dehydrated (6,99 ± 0,33 mg CAE/g). Regarding the antioxidant activity determined by the method of reducing power dehydrated pollen was the one that stood out (EC50 = 2,04 ± 0,02 mg/mL), whereas the frozen pollen showed higher blocking effect (EC50 = 0,74 ± 0,01 mg/mL). The methanol extracts of pollen showed antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms studied (Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Cândida parapsilosis, Pichia membranifaciens, Zygosaccharomyces mellis), presenting the Gram-negative bacteria greater resistence. The quercetin was the predominant phenolic compound when using the Amberlite extraction XAD-2, whereas in methanol extraction were identified possible families of compounds, being the most frequent flavones and chrysin.
The bee pollen is one of the natural foods more used in medical folk, clinical practises, food industry and pharmaceutics. The present study aims to compare the effects of different conditions of storage in nutritional characteristics, microbiologic and in bioactive properties of bee pollen of biologic production mode. Content of humidity, ashes, aw, pH, reducing sugars, proteins, lipids, fat acids, carbohydrates and energetic value, were the analyzed parameters. The studied microorganisms were: mesophylls, aerobic, yeast and mold, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and sulphite reducing clostridia. The prevailing botanic family in total of 8 identified families was Rosáceae. The studied pollens are nutritionally well balance, considering that physical and chemical parameter are within the prescribed by law, except for pollen dehydrated humidity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the most abundant in all samples. Pollens revealed an adequate microbiological quality. The indicators of sanitary quality and the toxigenic species were absent in all samples analysed, suggesting that the product is safe for the consumer. The frozen pollen showed the highest content in phenolic compounds (48,40 ± 0,39 mg GAE/g). Concerning the content of total flavonoids, the pollen which presented higher content was the dehydrated (6,99 ± 0,33 mg CAE/g). Regarding the antioxidant activity determined by the method of reducing power dehydrated pollen was the one that stood out (EC50 = 2,04 ± 0,02 mg/mL), whereas the frozen pollen showed higher blocking effect (EC50 = 0,74 ± 0,01 mg/mL). The methanol extracts of pollen showed antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms studied (Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Cândida parapsilosis, Pichia membranifaciens, Zygosaccharomyces mellis), presenting the Gram-negative bacteria greater resistence. The quercetin was the predominant phenolic compound when using the Amberlite extraction XAD-2, whereas in methanol extraction were identified possible families of compounds, being the most frequent flavones and chrysin.
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Keywords
Pólen apícola Análise polínica Composição nutricional Ácidos gordos Análise microbiológica Propriedades bioativas